Program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization

ABSTRACT

Technologies are generally described herein for supporting program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. A code block to be annotated may be examined and a hardware customization may be determined to support a specified quality of service level for executing the code block with reduced energy expenditure Annotations may be determined as associated with the determined hardware customization. An annotation may be provided to indicate using the hardware customization while executing the code block. Examining the code block may include one or more of performing a symbolic analysis, performing an empirical observation of an execution of the code block, performing a statistical analysis, or any combination thereof. A data block to be annotated may also be examined. One or more additional annotations to be associated with the data block may be determined.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This Application is a continuation application under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/423,374, filed on Apr. 14, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,104,435. The disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/423,374 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Program modules, data, and content may be delivered through wired or wireless systems to target systems. At a target system, programs may be executed, and data may be processed. Target systems may handle programs and data differently based upon aspects of the target system. A high-definition home theater system may render video quite differently than a mobile telephone handset. Various target systems may employ multiple processors, processing circuits, application specific circuits, or modules. Such target systems may also be reconfigurable with respect to their various circuits, modules, memories, or other associated resources. Proper configuration or operation of particular target systems may support significantly improved energy consumption at each specific target system. It is with respect to these considerations and others that the disclosure made herein is presented.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

Subject matter is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computer architecture and an environment operable to support program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a system for generating, distributing, and applying annotations to code and data;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for generating program and data annotation; and

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for applying program and data annotation, all arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated herein.

The following disclosure is drawn, inter alia, to methods, apparatus, systems, and computer program products related to technologies for program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. Through the use of the technologies and concepts presented herein, creation and dissemination of annotations can guide how a particular program should be executed in terms of software or hardware set-up. The annotations can support adaptive customization of computing systems using static or dynamic customization of applications, system software, or hardware. Such customization may influence how particular data is processed in terms of parameters such as bit-width, supply voltages, threshold voltages, and cache line replacement policies. The customization may be implemented to support a specified quality of service while reducing energy consumption. Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like elements through the several figures, aspects of annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization are described.

Technologies are generally described herein for supporting program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. A code block to be annotated may be examined. A hardware customization may be determined to support a specified quality of service level for executing the code block with reduced energy expenditure. One or more annotations may be determined. These annotations may be associated with the determined hardware customization. One of the annotations to a target system may be provided to indicate using the hardware customization while executing the code block. A data block to be annotated may be examined. One or more additional annotations to be associated with the data block may be determined.

Examples of hardware customization may include, among other examples, specifying a particular processing core within a multiprocessor, specifying a cache replacement policy, and gating of memory blocks. Examining the code block can include performing a symbolic analysis, performing an empirical observation of an execution of the code block, performing a statistical analysis, or any combination thereof.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a computing architecture 100 and an environment operable to support program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization, arranged in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The computing architecture 100 may include multiple processing cores, such as core 1 through core 4 110A-110D. These may be referred to collectively, or generally, as processing cores 110. The multiple processing cores 110 may generally support parallel processing, parallel tasks, parallel threads, separate sequential processes, or any combination thereof. The terms “multiprocessor” and “multi-core processor” may be used interchangeably herein with respect to a collection of processing cores 110 and associated circuitry. The computing architecture 100 may support any number of processing cores 110. The computing architecture 100 may alternatively include a single central processing unit (CPU).

In addition to the processing cores 110, the computing architecture 100 may support one or more digital signal processing (DSP) cores, or one or more application specific cores 120 for handling specialized functions such as video decoding, rendering graphics, communications operations, artificial neural networks, and so forth. The processing cores 110, the application specific core 120, and any other processing units within the computing architecture 100 may be implemented using discrete processors or microcontrollers, multiple cores integrated into a multiprocessor, or cores integrated into one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), any other programmable logic device (PLD), system on chip, system on substrate, any other hardware integration technology, or any combination thereof.

A system bus 118 may interconnect the processing cores 110 of the computing architecture 100. The system bus 118 may also interconnect other elements of the computing architecture 100 to the processing cores 110. A memory 140 may couple to the system bus 118. The memory 140 may be accessed by the processing cores 110. The processing cores 110 may read from and write to the memory 140. Such reads and writes may relate to both instructions and data associated with operations of the multiple processing cores 110. The memory 140 may include random access memory 142 (RAM) and a read-only memory 144 (ROM). The memory 140 may include static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), flash memory, or any type of volatile or non-volatile memory.

Each of the multiple processing cores 110 may be associated with a cache, such as cache 1 through cache 4 115A-115D. These may be referred to collectively, or generally, as caches 115. A cache, such as one of the caches 115, can be a small, fast memory. The caches 115 can store frequently used, recently used, or soon to be used, blocks of memory for rapid access by one or more of the processing cores 110. The caches 115 may mitigate some of the latency associated with accessing the memory 140. While the caches 115 may be provided one to each processing core 110, a cache 115 may also be shared between two or more processing cores 110.

The computing architecture 100 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to remote systems through a network 132. The computing architecture 100 may couple to the network 132 through a network interface unit 130. The network interface unit 130 may be coupled to the computing architecture 100 via the system bus 118. The network interface unit 130 may also be utilized to couple to other types of networks and remote computer systems. The computing architecture 100 may also include an input/output controller 135 for receiving and processing input from a number of other devices, including a keyboard, mouse, or electronic stylus (not illustrated). Similarly, the input/output controller 135 may provide output to a video display, a printer, or other type of output device (also not illustrated).

The computing architecture 100 may include a storage device 150 for storing an operating system 152, software, data, and various program modules, such as those associated with program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. Instructions and data associated with operations on the processing cores 110 may be stored on the storage device 150. The storage device 150 may include computer readable media supporting the nonvolatile storage of information. The storage device 150 may be accessed by the multiple processing cores 110. The storage device 150 can store software modules for execution on the processing cores 110 or the application specific core 120.

By way of example, and not limitation, the storage device 150 may comprise volatile, non-volatile, removable, and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for the storage of information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. For example, the storage device 150 and associated computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, other solid state memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD), HD-DVD, BLU-RAY, other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which may be used to store information and which may be accessed by the computing architecture 100. The storage device 150 may be coupled to the system bus 118 through a storage controller (not illustrated).

A number of program modules and data files may be stored in the storage device 150 and the memory 140. These may include the operating system 152 suitable for controlling the operation of a desktop, laptop, server computer, embedded computing system, wireless computing device, or any other computing environment.

One or more examples of executable code 160 may also be stored in the storage device 150. The code 160 may include a code annotation 170A. Similarly, one or more examples of data 165 may be stored in association with the storage device 150. The data 165 may include a data annotation 170B. The code annotation 170A and the data annotation 170B are examples of annotations 170 that may be associated with code or data in a computing system that is arranged in accordance with the present disclosure. The annotations 170 may provide information supporting adaptive customization of the target computing system where the annotated code 160 will be executed or the annotated data 165 will be processed. The annotations 170 may also suggest how particular data 165 is processed, or code 160 is executed, in terms of certain system or environmental parameters.

System parameters associated with annotations 170 may include, as non-limiting examples, bit-width of data, supply voltages, threshold voltages, cache line replacement policies, and so forth. The annotations 170 and system parameters may support operation at a target computing system such that a specified quality of service (QoS) level may be maintained. The QoS level may be maintained even while energy consumption is reduced or minimized. Adaptive customization of a target computing system may involve branch prediction parameters, memory block gating, cache gating, block gating within ASICs, block gating within FPGAs, gating of processing cores 110, voltage settings, real-time constraints, coordinated execution, and manufacturing variability mitigation. Adaptive architectural techniques such as block gating and reconfigurable devices may leverage annotations 170 provided within code 160 or data 165.

An annotation generation module 180 may provide annotations 170 to blocks of code 160 or data 165, in accordance with the present disclosure. The annotations 170 may be calculated using symbolic analysis, observed execution, statistical evaluation, or any combination thereof. The generation of annotations 170 may occur on the same type of processor as the target for execution, or on another type of single or multiprocessor computing system. The annotations 170 may be calculated to ensure a specified quality of service (QoS) level. The QoS specification may be predetermined, provided by a user, or based on data or system parameters Annotations 170 related to QoS levels may be specified using error norms, statistical measures of quality, or subjective criteria. While maintaining QoS specifications, other targeted objectives, such as energy consumption or memory footprint, may also be supported.

The annotations 170 may also include operational parameters for programmable processors, application specific cores, or FPGA components. The operational parameters associated with the annotations 170 may include various system configurations such as gating strategies, branch prediction policies, processor instructions, supply voltages, bias voltages, bit widths, functional units, and memory configurations. The annotations 170 may also specify how interconnect components, such as busses, may be configured.

Annotations 170 may also specify settings or configurations for system software such as operating systems 152, schedulers, memory management, device management, networking, compilers, loaders, and monitors. The annotations 170 may also specify which software is installed, how the software is configured, or how the software is executed.

Annotations 170 may also be compressed when created by the annotation generation module 180. The compression may support reduced energy and resource expenditure for the transmission or storage of the annotations 170. The annotations 170 may also be selectively applied to high impact parts of executed code 160, such as critical path operations or frequently repeated operations Annotations 170 from one block of code 160 may be reused to provide the annotations 170 for another block of code 160 that performs a similar profile of computational tasks.

Once annotations 170 are provided by an annotation generation module 180, the annotations 170 may be distributed jointly with the associated code 160 or data 165. The annotations 170 may also be transmitted separately from the associated code 160 or data 165. The annotations may be transmitted to an annotation target module 190 where the annotations 170 are applied to the target system in accordance with the present disclosure. The target system may be the location for execution of the code 160, or where the data 165 is processed. For example, the bit resolution, bit rate, or color depth for graphic images or video may be adjusted according to provided annotations 170. Adjusting the bit allocation of the graphic images or video may support reducing energy consumption. The reduction in energy consumption may occur while maintaining a specified QoS level.

Annotations 170 may also indicate which processing cores 110 should execute which portions of code 160. The annotations 170 may also specify which branch predictor should be used within the processing cores 110. The annotations 170 may also specify gating actions for selectively enabling and disabling portions of processing cores 110, application specific cores 120 or other components of the computing architecture 100. For example, portions of the computing architecture 100 may have their power source gated off, clock source gated off, be held in reset, or be otherwise put into reduced power states while not needed by a portion of code 160 as indicated by the associated code annotation 170A. Supply voltages and threshold voltages may be also specified by the annotations. For example, in low demand portions of code 160 or reduced complexity portions of data 165, supply voltage to processing cores 110, application specific cores 120, or other components may be lowered to support reduced power consumption.

Annotations 170 may also indicate which application specific cores 120 should be used and when they should be used. This may involve gating off application specific cores 120 while not in use. This may also involve suggesting particular application specific cores 120 to certain portions of code 160 or data 165. Annotations 170 may also indicate memory parameters such as memory structures to be used, where in memory to store specific data 165, memory supply voltages, replacement policies for caches 115, and the organization of memory or storage scratch pads.

Other aspects of operation within the computing architecture 100 may be specified by the annotations 170. For example, communication patterns of data between processing cores 110, between caches 115, or with respect to the network 132 may be suggested by the annotations 170. Specific media or content players may be suggested by the annotations 170. Particular thermal management strategies may also be suggested by the annotations 170.

Annotations 170 may be static or dynamic. A dynamic annotation 170 may operate as a function of data 165, other programs being executed on the processing cores 110, or other state information related to the computing architecture 100. For example, the dynamic annotation 170 may vary as a function of available energy, available memory, or available storage capacity. Annotations 170 may be generic to a class of devices or the annotation 170 may be unique to a particular instance of a device. For example, a unique annotation 170 may address the impact of silicon manufacturing variability for a particular device within the computing architecture 100. Similarly, energy consumption consideration may involve unique gate size or transistor size for particular components due to manufacturing variability. Specification of annotations 170 may also leverage other manufacturing and aging factors with respect to particular target components within the computing architecture 100.

Within a multiprocessor system, annotations 170 may specify preferred processing cores 110 among a plurality of available processing cores 110. Such preference may be particularly applicable where certain processing cores 110 have specific functionality, for example, graphics processing features. When the processing cores 110 are of the same type, annotations 170 may be used to indicate preferred processing cores 110 in terms of other tasks currently executing on the processing cores 110 or parameters such as temperature, status of the associated caches 115, or context switching time.

Annotations 170 may also indicate configurations for reconfigurable platforms. These configurations may be specified to support reduced energy consumption for particular computational operations. Setting of the annotations 170 may attempt to reduce or minimize the sum of energy for communicating the annotations 170 and the energy consumed for the execution of the associated computation.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a system 200 for generating, distributing, and applying annotations 170 to code 160 and data 165, in accordance with at least some embodiment of the present disclosure. A code annotating system 210 may support operation of the annotation generation module 180 to apply a code annotation 170A to a block of code 160. The annotation generation module 180 may analyze the code 160 to determine which annotations 170 should be associated with the code 160. The code 160 and its associated annotation 170A may then be distributed to the target system 230 where the annotation 170A may be applied and the code 160 executed.

Analysis performed by the annotation generation module 180 at the code annotating system 210 may be conducted off-line prior to distribution to the target system 230, in real-time just as the code 165 is prepared for delivery to the target system 230, or in near real-time. The code annotating system 210 and the target system 230 may be the same type of computing architecture 100, or a different type of computing architecture 100. Where the code annotating system 210 and the target system 230 are differing types of computing architecture 100, the code annotating system 210 may use information about the target system 230 while determining the annotations 170. For example, if the code annotating system 210 is an application server and the target system a mobile handset, the code annotating system 210 may generate annotation 170 for the code 160 in consideration of the processors, display resolution, memory limitation, or power capacity of the target system 230.

A data annotating system 220 may support operation of the annotation generation module 180 to apply a data annotation 170B to a block of data 165. The annotation generation module 180 may analyze the data 165 to determine which annotations 170 should be associated with the data 165. The data 165 and its associated annotation 170B may then be distributed to the target system 230 where the annotation 170B may be applied and the system that will process the data 165. For example, the data 165 may be annotated to indicate bit width, bit rate or bit resolution to be used while processing the data. These bit resolutions may be determined using interval or affine arithmetic. The information determined for establishing the annotations 170 may be calculated using simulation, statistical analysis, or simulation augmented by statistical analysis. Evaluating the data 165 may involve directed search of a solution space. Establishing the annotations 170 may leverage prior annotations 170 established for identical or similar computational structures.

The data 165 and its associated annotation 170B may be distributed from the data annotating system 220 to the target system 230. Similarly, code 160 and its associated annotation 170A may be distributed from the code annotating system 210 to the target system 230. At the target system, an annotation target module 190 may apply the annotations to the target system 230 while executing the code 160, processing the data 165, or both. An annotation 170 may remain static throughout its use, or the annotation may be dynamic. A dynamic annotation 170 may change at the target system 230 as the code 160 is executed or the data 165 is processed. For example, an annotation 170 may be data dependent with respect to input data, intermediate variables, or output data. A dynamic annotation 170 may vary based on one or more system parameters 232 that provide state information of the target system 230. These system parameters may include available energy, storage capacity, or memory capacity. Similarly, a dynamic annotation 170 may vary based on one or more values obtained from sensors 234. These values from sensors 234 may include thermal data, position data, energy conditions, soft error rate, wireless channel characteristics, network link conditions, and so forth. A dynamic annotation 170 may vary with respect to other tasks that are simultaneously executed at the target system 230 along with the annotated computation.

Annotations 170 for two or more computational tasks may be merged so that an overall objective is accomplished. For example, the annotation 170 for each computational task may be presented using Pareto optimal solutions for a given amount of energy or a targeted level of QoS 236. For example, supply voltages and threshold voltages may be adjusted such that QoS 236 is maintained, real-time constraints are satisfied, and energy consumption is reduced or minimized. The QoS 236 may be provided to the target system 230 along with the code 160 or data 165. The QoS 236 may also be determined by the target system 230. The QoS 236 may be specified by a user at the target system 230. A user at the target system 230 may be provided the option for partial or complete manual overriding of the annotations 170. In addition to receiving annotations 170 from the code annotating system 210 and the data annotating system 220, the target system 230 may also generate its own annotations. The generation of annotations at the target system 230 may be referred to as self-annotation.

A peer system 240 may be considered another instance of a target system 230. The peer system 240 may receive its code 160, data 165, annotations 170, or any combination thereof from the target system 230 which may be considered a peer of the peer system 240. The peer system 240 may provide these elements to the target system as well. Multiple peer systems 240 may share annotations 170 with one another. Such sharing may be organized to communicate empirically derived annotations 170 or self-annotations 170. Peer systems 240 may share system set-ups, consumed energy levels, and obtained quality of service. A peer system 240 receiving multiple annotations 170 may use the best reported annotation 170, or may combine two or more reported annotations 170 into a new set of annotations 170.

Turning now to FIG. 3, additional details will be provided regarding the embodiments presented herein for program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. In particular, FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 300 for generating program and data annotation in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.

It should be appreciated that the logical operations described herein are implemented (1) as a sequence of computer implemented acts or program modules running on a computing system and/or (2) as interconnected machine logic circuits or circuit modules within the computing system. The implementation is a matter of choice dependent on the performance and other requirements of the computing system. Accordingly, the logical operations described herein are referred to variously as state operations, structural devices, acts, or modules. These operations, structural devices, acts and modules may be implemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic, and any combination thereof. It should also be appreciated that more or fewer operations may be performed than shown in the figures and described herein. These operations may also be performed sequentially, in parallel, or in a different order than those described herein.

Process 300 may begin at operation 310, where a quality of service (QoS) 236 specification may be established. A desired QoS level may be used for establishing annotations 170 that seek to maintain the specified QoS level. Various QoS levels may be provided for different target systems 230. The QoS levels may be specified as intervals or periodic levels, a continuous range of levels, multiple discrete levels or a single global level. The QoS level may also remain undetermined or at a default value until a user QoS level is provided at the target system 230.

At operation 320, characteristics of a target system 230 may be established. These characteristics may be used in establishing annotations 170 geared towards specific target systems 230 or classes of target systems. For example, the presence of a particular application specific core 120 within a target system 230 may influence the annotations 170 provided that impact that application specific core 120.

At operation 330, the code 160 to be annotated may be examined. The code 160 may be examined using symbolic parsing of the code 160. The code 160 may be examined by observing empirical operation of the code 160. The code 160 may be examined through statistical analysis of the code 160. The code may also be associated with the operations of a known portion of other code 160.

At operation 340, a code annotation 170A may be determined for the code 160 examined in operation 330. The various options for examining the code 160 in operation 330 may inform the determination of annotations 170 to be associated with the code 160 Annotation may inform customization of the target system 230. The customization may be adaptive in nature. For example, the code 160 may be annotated to use more or fewer processing cores 110 depending on the complexity of the code 160 as determined by the examination of operation 330. As another example, if the code 160 is determined to make efficient use of an application specific core 120, an annotation 170 may be associated with the code 160 to gate the particular application specific core 120 into an operational state. As yet another example, annotations may be associated with a block of code 160 that gate blocks of memory 140 on or off depending upon the memory needs of the code 160 as determined by examination at operation 330.

At operation 350, data 165 to be annotated may be examined. At operation 360, a data annotation 170B may be determined for the data 165 examined in operation 350. At operation 370, annotations 170 may be transmitted to one or more target systems 230. The transmitted annotations 170 may include the code annotation 170A determined in operation 340 and the data annotation 170B determined in operation 360. The process 300 may terminate after operation 370.

Referring now to FIG. 4, additional details will be provided regarding the embodiments presented herein for program and data annotation for hardware customization and energy optimization. In particular, FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a process 400 for applying program and data annotation in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Process 400 may begin at operation 410, where annotations 170 may be received from a code annotating system 210 or a data annotating system 220. At operation 420, annotations 170 maybe received from one or more peer systems 240.

At operation 430, system parameters 232 may be collected from the target system 230. At operation 440, data from various sensors 234 associated with the target system 230 may be collected. At operation 450, partial or complete override of the annotations 170 by a user may be supported.

At operation 460, dynamic annotation may be supported. Dynamic annotations 170 may operate as a function of data, other programs being executed on the processing cores 110, or other state information related to the target system 230. For example, a dynamic annotation 170 may vary as a function of available energy, available memory, or available storage capacity.

At operation 470, various system parameters 232 may be adjusted according to code annotations 170A. At operation 480, various system parameters 232 may be adjusted according to data annotations 170B. The adjustment of system parameters 232 at operation 470 and 480 apply the annotations to the target system 230. Such application may be supported by an annotation target module 190 operating in association with the target system 230. The application of annotations may inform customization of hardware or software associated with the target system 230. The customization may be adaptive in nature. For example, system parameters concerning gating, processing cores 110, application specific cores 120, memory 140, caches 115, and so forth may be set as suggested by the provided annotations 170.

At operation 490, self-annotation may be supported. Self-annotation may involve annotations 170 for a target system 230 being established at the target system 230 itself. For example, the annotation generating module 180 may execute at the target system 230 along with the annotation target module 190.

At operation 495, annotations 170 may be transmitted to one or more peer systems 240. The transmitted annotations 170 may be annotations 170 received from the code annotating system 210, the data annotating system 220, generated locally by dynamic annotation, or generated locally by self-annotation. The process 400 may terminate after operation 495.

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations may be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds compositions or biological systems, which may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “ a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “ a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method to provide data annotations to a target device, the method comprising: receiving, by a data annotation system, data for transmission to the target device; determining, by the data annotation system, that the target device belongs to a class of devices; determining, by the data annotation system, a hardware configuration of the class of devices; determining, by the data annotation system, a software configuration of the class of devices; determining, by the data annotation system, a quality of service level for the target device; and generating, by the data annotation system, one or more data annotations for the data based on the hardware configuration of the class of devices, the software configuration of the class of devices, and the quality of service level for the target device, wherein the data annotations comprise one or more of a bit resolution, a bit rate, and a color depth for graphic images or video, wherein the one or more data annotations for the data provide information to the target device regarding a customization of the target device to process the data, wherein, the customization of the target device includes a hardware customization that specifies a cache replacement policy and a software customization that specifies one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video, wherein the customization of the target device includes selectively enabling and disabling particular components of the target device and adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video rendered in the target device, and wherein selectively enabling and disabling the particular components of the target device and adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video rendered in the target device provides the quality of service level for the target device while reducing energy consumption of the target device.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting, by the data annotation system, one or more of: the data and the one or more data annotations to the target device.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more data annotations specify one or more of: a configuration of an operating system, a processor core of the target device to process the data, and a supply voltage or a threshold voltage for one or more processor cores of the target device.
 4. A method to apply data annotations at a target device, the method comprising: receiving, by the target device, data to be processed at the target device, wherein the target device belongs to a class of devices; obtaining, by the target device, one or more data annotations for the data, wherein the one or more data annotations comprises a bit resolution, a bit rate, and a color depth for graphic images or video, wherein the one or more data annotations are based on a hardware configuration of the class of devices, a software configuration of the class of devices, and a quality of service level for the target device, wherein the one or more data annotations provide information to the target device regarding a customization of the target device, and wherein the customization of the target device includes one or more of a hardware customization and a software customization; and applying, by the target device, at least a portion of the one or more data annotations to customize the target device, wherein the customization of the target device includes adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video rendered in the target device, and selecting a specific gate size or a transistor size for particular components of the target device, and wherein adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video rendered in the target device and selecting the specific gate size or the transistor size for the particular components of the target device provides the quality of service level for the target device while the data is processed at the target device with reduced energy consumption.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: overriding, by the target device, at least the portion of the one or more data annotations.
 6. The method of claim 4, further comprising: generating, by the target device, additional one or more data annotations for the data.
 7. The method of claim 4, wherein obtaining the one or more data annotations comprises self-generating, by the target device, the one or more data annotations.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein obtaining, by the target device, the one or more data annotations for the data comprises one or more of: receiving, by the target device, the one or more data annotations for the data from an application server; and receiving, by the target device, the one or more data annotations for the data from a peer device.
 9. The method of claim 4, wherein the target device includes a mobile handset.
 10. The method of claim 4, wherein the quality of service level comprises a default value until a user input is received, and wherein the user input specifies a specific value for the quality of service level.
 11. A method to provide annotations for data to a target device, the method comprising: receiving, by a data annotation system, the data for transmission to the target device; determining, by the data annotation system, the target device as belonging to a class of devices; determining, by the data annotation system, one or more of a hardware customization of the class of devices and a software customization of the class of devices; determining, by the data annotation system, a quality of service level for the target device; generating, by the data annotation system, the annotations for the data based on: the one or more of the hardware customization of the class of devices and the software customization of the class of devices, and the quality of service level for the target device, wherein the annotations for the data comprise one or more of a bit width, a bit rate, and a bit resolution to be used by the target device while processing the data; and transmitting, by the data annotation system, the annotations to the target device to enable the target device to perform the one or more of the hardware customization and the software customization of the target device, wherein the one or more of the hardware customization and the software customization of the target device includes adjusting one or more of the bit width, the bit rate, and the bit resolution while processing the data and selectively enabling and disabling particular components of the target device, and wherein adjusting one or more of the bit width, the bit rate, and the bit resolution while processing the data and selectively enabling and disabling the particular components of the target device provides the quality of service level for the target device while reducing energy consumption of the target device.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: transmitting, by the data annotation system, the data to the target device, to be processed by the target device.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising: transmitting, by the data annotation system, the data to the target device, to be processed by the target device, wherein either or both the data and the annotations are to be processed by the target device to determine one or more of: a configuration of an operating system, processor cores, a supply voltage for the processor cores, and a threshold voltage for the processor cores.
 14. A method to apply annotations for data at a target device, the method comprising: receiving, by the target device, the data to be processed, wherein the target device belongs to a class of devices; detecting, by the target device, a quality of service level associated with the target device; obtaining, by the target device, at least one of the annotations for the data from a data annotation system, wherein the annotations comprise a bit resolution, a bit rate, and a color depth for graphic images or video, wherein the annotations are based on a hardware customization of the class of devices, a software customization of the class of devices, and the quality of service level for the target device; applying, by the target device, at least a portion of the annotations at the target device to customize the target device; and processing the data, while maintaining the quality of service level for the target device, at the target device which has been customized based on the annotations, wherein processing the data at the customized target device consumes less energy as compared to processing the data at a target device which has not been customized, and wherein customizing the target device based on the annotations includes selecting a specific gate size or a transistor size for particular components of the target device and adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for graphic images or video rendered in the target device.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising performing one or more of: overriding, by the target device, at least the portion of the annotations; and generating, by the target device, additional annotations for the data.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising self-generating, by the target device, additional annotations for the data.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein obtaining the at least one of the annotations includes at least one of: receiving, by the target device, the annotations for the data from an application server; or receiving, by the target device, the annotations from a peer device.
 18. A data annotation apparatus configured to apply annotations for data to a target device, the data annotation apparatus comprising: an annotation generation module configured to: determine the target device as belonging to a class of devices; determine a hardware customization and a software customization of the class of devices; determine a quality of service level for the target device; and generate the annotations for the data based on the hardware customization of the class of devices, the software customization of the class of devices, and the quality of service level for the target device, wherein the annotations comprise a bit resolution, a bit rate, and a color depth for a graphic image associated with the data or a video associated with the data; and a communication device coupled to the annotation generation module and configured to: transmit the annotations to the target device to enable one or more of the hardware customization and the software customization of the target device based on the annotations, wherein the one or more of the hardware customization and the software customization of the target device includes a selection of a specific gate size or a transistor size for particular components of the target device, and wherein selection of the specific gate size or the transistor size for the particular components of the target device and adjusting one or more of the bit resolution, the bit rate, and the color depth for the graphic image associated with the data or the video associated with the data rendered in the target device provides a reduction in energy consumption of the target device to provide the quality of service level for the target device.
 19. The data annotation apparatus of claim 18, wherein the communication device is further configured to: receive the data for transmission to the target device.
 20. The data annotation apparatus of claim 18, wherein: the communication device is further configured to transmit, to the target device, the data to be processed by the target device, and to transmit the annotations, the communication device is configured to distribute the annotations associated with the data to the target device in one of a real-time distribution and a near real-time distribution.
 21. The data annotation apparatus of claim 18, wherein the annotation generation module is further configured to: perform one or more of interval arithmetic on the data and affine arithmetic on the data, to determine the bit resolution associated with one or more of the graphic image associated with the data and the video associated the data.
 22. The data annotation apparatus of claim 18, wherein the annotation generation module is further configured to: determine the annotations associated with the data through a performance of one or more of a simulation of the data, a statistical analysis of the data, and a simulation augmented by a statistical analysis of the data.
 23. The data annotation apparatus of claim 18, wherein the hardware customization comprises a specification of a cache replacement policy. 